Asthma

Overview

Asthma is a common respiratory condition in which there is temporary narrowing of the airways due to inflammation, swelling of lining of the airways, tightening of muscles in the walls of the airways, and increased mucus production.

Signs and Symptoms

Shortness of breath, Chest pain or tightness, Wheezing especially at night, Coughing especially at night, Cyanosis (bluing of lips), Ashen grey colour of the skin, Rapid breathing, Rapid heart beat, Difficulty speaking, Indrawing of chest wall

Common Causes

Respiratory infections especially colds and flus, Allergies to airborne substances such as pollen, dusts and mould, Air pollutants and irritants such as smoke and fumes, Occupational irritants such as wood dust, chemicals and synthetic sprays, Sudden changes in weather or temperature, Exercise, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Certain medications such as aspirin, beta blockers and ibuprofen, Certain food such as seafood, nuts and alcohol, Certain food additives

Risk Factors

Family history of atopic conditions, Personal history of atopic conditions, Smoking, Exposure to secondhand smoke, Being overweight or obese, Exposure to air pollutants, Occupations such as hairdresser and factory workers

Investigation Techniques

Medical history, Physical examination, Spirometry, Peak flow , Allergy testing via blood test or skin test, Sputum eosinophils, Methacholine challenge, Provocative testing for exercise and cold-induced asthma, Chest x-ray, Computerised tomography (CT) scan of lungs and sinuses

Treatment and Prevention

Identify triggers and avoid them, Short-acting beta agonists, Long-acting beta agonists, Inhaled corticosteroids, Combination inhalers, Leukotriene modifiers, Theophylline, Oral and intravenous corticosteroids, Immunotherapy, Physiotherapy such as breathing exercises

Psychological Issues

Emotional upsets or stress