Overview
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder characterised by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. There are 3 subcategories of ADHD, namely inattentive type, hyperactive or impulsive type, and combined type.Signs and Symptoms
Makes careless mistakes, Difficulty sustaining attention, Difficulty with organisation, Struggles to follow instructions, Easily distracted, Forgetful, Difficulty remaining seated, Constantly fidgeting, Difficulty engaging in activities quietly, Difficulty waiting, Interrupting conversations, Acting without thinkingCommon Causes
Family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder especially in first degree relatives, Changes in brain structure, Imbalance in the level of neurotransmitters in the brain, Low birth weight, Smoking during pregnancy, Extreme stress during pregnancy, Exposure to neurotoxin or alcohol, Childhood abuse or neglectRisk Factors
Family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder especially in first degree relatives, People who were born prematurely, People with low birth weight, People with brain damage which are sustained in the womb or after a severe head injury later in life, Exposure to environmental toxins such as leadInvestigation Techniques
Medical history and physical examination, A series of psychological evaluation with the child, parents and teachers, Interviews and reports from family members and teachers, Comparison of symptoms to criteria in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)Treatment and Prevention
Medications such as methylphenidate, dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine, atomoxetine, guanfacine, Behaviour modification techniques and social skills training, Educational interventions such as classroom modifications, Parent psychoeducation, Cognitive behavioural therapy
