Cough

Overview

Cough is a reflex action to clear the airways of mucus and irritants such as smoke or dust. It rarely means anything serious. Most cases clear up within 3 weeks and do not need any treatment.

Signs and Symptoms

Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Wheezing, Runny or stuffy nose, Postnasal drip, Sore throat, Hoarse voice, Difficulty swallowing, Decrease in exercise tolerance, Fever, Chills, Night sweats, Unintended weight loss, Heartburn, Coughing up blood

Common Causes

Upper respiratory tract infections such as flu, colds, sinusitis and laryngitis, Lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, Allergic rhinitis, Chronic lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, Inhalation of irritants such as smoke or dust, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, Tuberculosis, Lung cancer, Heart failure, Pulmonary embolism, Whooping cough, Croup

Risk Factors

A current or former smoker, Frequent exposure to secondhand smoke, People with allergies, Occupational exposure to irritants such as smoke or dust, Living in high pollution areas, Having chronic lung disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Investigation Techniques

Medical history, Physical examination, Blood test such as full blood count, Lung function tests such as spirometry, peak flow and asthma challenge test, Throat swab, Phlegm sample, Chest x-ray or x-ray of the sinuses, Bronchoscopy, Rhinoscopy, Computerised tomography (CT) scan of the lungs or sinus cavities

Treatment and Prevention

Drinking plenty of fluids, Painkillers such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, Cough suppressants, expectorants, mucolytics, and decongestants, Medications to treat underlying cause such as antibiotics, antihistamines, inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, Quit smoking, Identify and avoid irritants and allergens