Menopausal Symptoms

Menopausal is the period when the physiological changes in response to gonadotrophin and their secretion occur. It is considered to be the final menstrual period. It will be diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea together with a list of symptoms. The average age for menopause is around 50-55 years old although there are some factors that can lower the age such as smoking, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and autoimmune disorder. Menopausal symptoms are hot flushes, insomnia, weight gain and bloating, mood change, irregular menses, mastodynia, depression, and headache. One of the most common side effects of menopause is osteoporosis as the onset of menopause leads to rapid loss of bone marrow density due to bone resorption is accelerated while the formation is at the pace of pre-menopausal state. Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause decreases the risk of osteoporosis, however, it increases the risk of breast cancer.