Chronic Renal Disease

Overview

Chronic Renal Disease is progressive damage to the kidney lasting more than three months detected by reduced in kidney function. It has five stages with symptoms and complications start to appear at stage four and five.

Signs and Symptoms

Malaise, Loss of appetite, �Pins and needles� sensation on the limbs, Itching, Swelling of the limbs, Insomnia, Restless leg syndrome

Common Causes

Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Renal artery stenosis, Polycystic kidney disease, Long term effects of medications, Systemic Lupus Erythematous, Infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis),

Risk Factors

Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Renal artery stenosis, Polycystic kidney disease, Long term effects of medications, Systemic Lupus Erythematous, Infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis),

Investigation Techniques

Blood investigation such as FBC, U&E, eGFR and glucose level, Urine test for dip stick, microscopy and culture and protein analysis, Imaging studies such as renal ultrasound and CT scan, Renal biopsy if the cause is unclear

Treatment and Prevention

Treat the treatable cause, Stop any drug that harms the kidney, Manage diabetes and hypertension closely, Treat excess fluid, Dialysis for End-Stage Kidney Disease, Supplements for anaemia and bone disease prevention, Lifestyle change such as stop smoking, eating balanced diets and exercise