Understanding Cervical Cancer

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus. It begins in the cells on the surface of the cervix of the female reproductive system while advanced cervical cancer can spread to nearby tissue and organs if left untreated.

According to the National Cancer Institute, It is estimated that up to 90% of cases are related to most people who have a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women around the world, but it can be effectively treated with early detection.

What are the Types of Cervical Cancer?

There are two main types of cervical cancer:

• Squamous cell carcinoma begins in the thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of the cervix.
• Adenocarcinomas start in cells that form glands inside the cervix.

Both types can be further divided into different stages, which will determine the course of treatment. Additionally, there is a type called adenosquamous carcinoma or mixed carcinomas, which is a combination of both carcinomas mentioned above.

What is the Risk of Cervical Cancer?

Most cervical cancers are the result of a mutation of invasive cervical cancer cells in the cervix. The common cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). When this virus enters the healthy cells of the cervix and begins to replicate, it can cause changes in the cell's DNA that can lead to cancer.

In most cases, an HPV infection causes these mutations in the body, putting you at higher risk of contracting the virus. HPV is easily spread through sexual activity, such as unprotected sex or having multiple sexual partners, and it can be contracted even if one partner has it.

Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:

• Age
• Smoking
• Other sexual infections (such as herpes, chlamydia, and HIV infection)
• Oral contraceptives

What are the Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

Typically, patients with early-stage cervical cancer do not have any symptoms. However, depending on the stage of the disease, symptoms of cervical cancer may manifest. Early signs can include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Vaginal odour
• Pain during intercourse
• Back or pelvic pain

It is wise to not ignore these symptoms and seek medical attention immediately if they persist. Getting the right diagnosis from your healthcare provider early may increase the chances of successful treatment.

Cervical Cancer Prevention

One way to prevent cervical cancer is to get a vaccination called the HPV vaccine to greatly reduce your risk of developing the disease. According to the American Cancer Society, this vaccine helps target various HPV types especially if you are between 25 and 65 years old.

It's also important to practise safe sex and use protection, such as condoms, to reduce your risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections. Regular cervical screening, such as Pap tests or HPV tests, is also important for the early detection and treatment of abnormal cells before they can develop into cancer.

In addition, maintaining a healthy lifestyle by not smoking, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly can help reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer.

How to Treat Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Generally, treatments include:

• Surgery: This is usually used for treating the early stages of cervical cancer. This procedure involves removing part or all of the cervix that contains tumour cells.

• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours which are usually used for locally advanced cervical cancer.

• Chemotherapy: Uses strong drugs to kill cancer cells throughout your body.

• Targeted therapy: Uses drugs that target specific genes and proteins in cancer cells.

• Immunotherapy: Helps the body’s immune system fight cancer cells.

In addition, some patients might need to combine therapies based on their doctor’s recommendation.

On a Final Note

Despite the fact that cervical cancer affects many adult women worldwide, it is a highly treatable and even preventable disease.

It is important that you prioritise your health and take proactive steps and follow the guidelines to lower your risk of developing cervical cancer, such as getting vaccinated, practising safe sex, and having regular cervical cancer screening tests like the HPV test.

Remember that taking care of your health is a lifelong journey, and you can protect yourself against cervical cancer and other diseases by making healthy choices and staying informed.