Gout

Overview

Gout is a common type of arthritis, which is caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the spaces between joints of the hands, feet and other larger joints. This causes the tissues around joints to become inflamed.

Signs and Symptoms

Severe joint pain often in the early hours of the morning, Skin overlying the affected joint is red and warm, Swelling of the affected joint, Limited range of motion, Tophus

Common Causes

High uric acid levels in the blood, High purine diet, Excessive alcohol intake, Usage of certain medications such as diuretics

Risk Factors

Diet rich in red meat and seafood, Excessive intake of alcohol and sweetened drinks, Being overweight or obese, Men are more likely to develop gout, People in their 30s to 50s, Family history of gout, Having certain medical conditions such as untreated high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases, and heart disease, Usage of certain medications such as diuretics, immunosuppressants, and aspirin, Recent trauma or surgery

Investigation Techniques

Medical history, Physical examination, Joint fluid test, Blood test to measure levels of creatinine and uric acid in the blood, X-ray of the affected joint, Musculoskeletal ultrasound, Dual-energy computerised tomography (CT) scan

Treatment and Prevention

Bed rest, Hot or cold compress, Drink plenty of fluids, Avoid alcohol, Limit intake of meat and seafood, Maintain a healthy weight, Oral medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, colchicine, xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol), and uricosurics